The Biological as a Double Limit for Artificial Intelligence: Review and Futuristic Debate
Keywords:
Biological computer, super-AI-slices, technological singularity, limits of artificial intelligence, natural language of the living cell (N2LC)Abstract
This paper aims to identify to what extent artificial intelligence (AI) is biologically limited and to launch a debate on the issue of overcoming these limitations. To achieve our goal, we utilized a qualitative research methodology framework, providing an in-depth analysis of AI limitations formulated by prominent scholars within this field of specialization. We found that the biological boundary imposes a double limitation on AI, both from a gnoseological perspective and from a technological perspective. This twofold limitation of AI underpins the idea that as long as the biological cannot be understood, formalized, and imitated, we will not be able to develop technologies that mimic it. By adopting an original approach, our research paper focused on mapping out the twofold limitation of the biological with reference to the success of AI. Special attention was paid to the motivational analysis of this limitation in terms of human existence, the opportunity and utility to create artificial intelligences as superior to the human-like condition. We have opened the door for future debates on the need to decode cellular communication by understanding and developing a natural language of the living cell (N2LC). Based on the present research, we proposed that within the current technological context, biological computers (biocomputing) could represent a so-called invisible hand outstretched by biological systems towards AI.References
Abrahams, P.W. (1997). The World WithoutWork, In P. Denning, R. Metcalfe, R. (Eds.), Beyond calculation: The nextfiftyyears of computing, Santa Clara, CA: Springer-Verlag Telos, 135-147, 1997.
Alles, M. (2018). Examining the role of the AIS research literature using the natural experiment of the 2018 JIS conference on cloud computing, International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 31, 58-74, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accinf.2018.09.001
Alt, F.L. (1997). End-Running Human Intelligence, In P. Denning, R. Metcalfe, R. (Eds.), Beyond calculation: The nextfiftyyears of computing, Santa Clara, CA: Springer-Verlag Telos, 127 - 134, 1997.
Badica, A.; Badica, C.; Ivanovic, M.; Buligiu I. (2016). Collective Profitability and Welfare in Selling-Buying Intermediation Processes. Computational Collective Intelligence, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 9876, 14-24, Springer, 2016.
Bell, G.; Gray J.N. (1997). The Revolution Yet to Happen, In P. Denning, R. Metcalfe, (Eds.), Beyond calculation: The next fifty years of computing, Santa Clara, CA: Springer- Verlag Telos, 127 - 134, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0685-9_1
Brown, J. N. A (2015). Once More, With Feeling: Using Haptics to Preserve Tactile Memories, International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 31(1), 65-71, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2014.959100
Bruksos, R. (2005). Turning Change into a Payday. Re-inventing Yourself Throughthe Eight Stage of Change. Seatle: Training Consultants, 2005.
Cearley, D.; Burke, B. (2018). Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends for 2019, Gartner Report, Available online: https://www.gartner.com/en/doc/3891569-top-10-strategictechnology- trends-for-2019, Accessed on 18 December 2018.
ColdFusion TV. (2016, Mar. 29). Nano-Biological Computing - Quantum Computer Alternative! Video File, 2016,. Available online: https://youtu.be/xcHcNyC6O84, Accessed on 10 December 2018.
Crawford, R. (2005). Is God a Scientist? A Dialogue between Sinceand Religion, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
Data Science Institute (2017). Researchers Store Computer Operating System and Short Movie on DNA, Columbia University, 2017 Available online: https://datascience.columbia.edu/researchers-store-computer-operating-system-dna, Accessed on 10 December 2018
Dekate, C.; Brethenoux, C.; Hare, J.; Chandrasekaran, A.; Govekar, M.; Ric, C. (2018). Predicts 2019: Artificial Intelligence Core Technologies, Gartner Report, 2018 Available online: https://www.gartner.com/doc/3894131?ref=mrktg-srch, Accessed on 18 December 2018.
Denning, P.; Metcalfe, R. (Eds.); Beyond calculation: The next fifty years of computing, Santa Clara, CA: Springer-Verlag Telos, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0685-9
Descartes, R. (1864). Discours de la Methode, Emprimerie et Librairie Classiques, 1864.
Dreyfus, H.L. (1972). What computers can't do. A critique of Artificial Reason, Harper & Row, 1972.
Ecklund, E.H.; Scheitle, C.P. (2018). Religion vs. Science: What Religious People Really Think, Oxford University Press, 2018.
Ecklund, E.H. (2012). Science vs. Religion: what scientists really think, Oxford University Press, 2012.
Eden, A.H.; Steinhart, E.; Pearce, D.; Moor, J.H. (2012). Singularity Hypotheses: An Overview, In A.H. Eden, J.H. Moor, J.H. Soraker, Steinhart, E. (Eds.), Singularity Hypotheses. A Scientific and Philosophical Assessment, The Frontiers Collection, Springer-Verlag, 1-12, 2012.
Erlich Y.; Zielinski, D. (2017). DNA Fountainenables a robust and efficient storage architecture, Science, 355(6328), 950-954, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaj2038
Eversmann, B.; Jenkner, M.; Hofmann, F.; Paulus, C.; et al.(2003). A 128 /spl times/ 128 CMOS Biosensor Array for Extracellular Recording of Neural Activity, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 38(12), 2306-2317, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2003.819174
Evolution News (March 10, 2017). The Hottest New Computer Is: DNA, Evolution News, Available online: https://evolutionnews.org/2017/03/hottest-new-computer-dna/, Accessed on 10 December 2018.
Feigenbaum, E.A.; McCorduck, P. (1983). The FifthGeneration: Artificial Intelligence and- Japan's Computer Challengetothe World. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1983.
Fiaidhi, J. (2011). Towards Developing Installable e-Learning Objects utilizing the Emerging Technologies in Calm Computing and Ubiquitous Learning, International Journal of u- and e- Service, Scienceand Technology, 4(1), 2011.
Fotache, M.; Dumitriu, F.; Greavu-Serban, V. (2016). Differences in Information System Skills of Offshoring Source Markets and Destination Markets. A Romanian Perspective, Transformations in Business & Economics, Vol. 15(3C)/(39C), 42-59, 2016.
Frankston, B. (1997); Beyond Limits, In P. Denning, R. Metcalfe (Eds.), Beyond calculation: The nextfiftyyears of computing, Santa Clara, CA: Springer-Verlag Telos, 43-58, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0685-9_3
Greenwood, P.E. (1967). Review of A View of Artificial Intelligence, by F.M. Tonge inProceedings A.C.M. National Meeting, 1966, Computing Reviews, 31, 1967.
Hamidi, H.; Jahanshahifard, M. (2018). The Role of the Internet of Things in the Improvement and Expansion of Business, Journal of Organizational and End User Computing, 30(3), 24-44, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4018/JOEUC.2018070102
Inside Human. (2018, Jul. 6)
Johnson, B. (2018). Beyond the Hard Drive: Encoding Data in DNA, Future-Literacy, Jul 10, 2018, Available online: https://medium.com/future-literacy/beyond-the-hard-driveencoding- data-in-dna-1d5c2bad5289, Accessed on 18 December 2018.
Kurzweil, R. (2011). The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology, Old Saybrook: Tantor Media Inc, 2011.
Lee, J. H.; Hwang, Y.; Cheon, K.A.; Jung H. I. (2012). Emotion-on-a-chip
Leonetti, M.; Dubois-Violette, E. (1998). Electrodynamic Instabilities in Biological Cells, Physical Review Letters, 81(9), 1977-1980, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.1977
Loonam, J.; Eaves, S.; Kumar, V.; Parry, G. (2018). Towards digital transformation: Lessons learned from traditional organization. Strategic Change, 27, 101-109, 2018.
Lungarella, M.; Iida, F.; Bongard, J.C.; Pfeifer R. (2007). AI in the 21st Century - With Historical Reflections, In M. Lungarella, F. Iida, J.C. Bongard, R. Pfeifer R.
Martin-Pena, M.L.; Diaz-Garrido, E.; Sanchez-Lopez J.M. (2018). The digitalization and servitization of manufacturing: A review on digital business model, Strategic Change, 27, 91-99, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.2184
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.) (1999). Springfield, MA: Merriam- Webster Incorporated, 1999.
Molten, M. (2018). Biology Will Be theNext Great Computing Platform, Wired Science, 5.3.2018, Available online: https://www.wired.com/story/biology-will-be-the-nextgreat- computing-platform/, Accessed on 20 December 2018.
Naisbitt, J. (1982). Megatrends. Ten New Directions Transforming Our Lives, WarnerBooks, 1982.
Nicolau, D.V. Jr.; Lard, M.; Korten, T.; van Delft, F.C.M.J.M.; et al. (2016). Parallel computation with molecular-motor-propelledagents in nanofabricated networks, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113 (10), 2591-2596, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510825113
Nicolau, D.V.; Nicolau, D.V. Jr.; Solana, G.; Hanson, K.L.; et al. (2006). Molecular motors-based micro- andnano-biocomputationdevices, Microelectronic Engineer, 83(2006), 1582-1588, 2006.
Norman, D. (1997). WhyIt's Good That Computers Don't Work Like the Brain, In P. Denning, R. Metcalfe, R. (Eds.), Beyond calculation: The nextfiftyyears of computing, Santa Clara, CA: Springer-Verlag Telos, 105-116, 1997.
Perez, G. (2015). Science vs. Religion: The Search for a Rational Approach, Algora Publishing, 2015.
Pop, P.; Araci, I.E.; Chakrabarty, K. (2015). Continuous-FlowBiochips: Technology, Physical Design MethodsandTesting, IEEE Design & Test, 32 (6), 8-19, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/MDAT.2015.2438152
Popescul, D.; Georgescu, M. (2015). Generation Y students in social: what do we know about them?, BRAIN - Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 6(3-4), 74-81, 2015.
Rosso, C. (2019); AI Created in DNA-Based Artificial Neural Networks. The intersection of artificial intelligence, syntheticbiology, andgenomics. Psychology Today, January 2019, Available online: https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/the-future-brain/201901/aicreated- in-dna-based-artificial-neural-networks, Accessed on 31 January 2019.
Schwartz, J.T. (1986); The Limits of Artificial Intelligence. Technical Report #212, New York University, In Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, 2 vols., John Wiley and Sons, 1986.
Selfridge, O.G.; Neisser, U. (1960). Pattern recognition by machine. Scientific American, 203(2), 60-68, 1960. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0860-60
Starkermann R. (1993). The Functional Intricacy of Neural Networks A Mathematical Study, In R.F. Albrecht, C.R. Reeves, N.C. Steele (eds), Artificial Neural Netsand Genetic Algorithms, Springer, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-7533-0_4
Tapscott, D. (1996). The digital economy: Promise andperil in theage of networked intelligence, McGraw Hill, 1996.
Tofler, A. (1970). Future Shock, Bantam Books, 1970.
Tonge, F.M. (1966). A View of Artificial Intelligence, Proceedings A.C.M. National Meeting, 379-382, 1966. https://doi.org/10.1145/800256.810717
Tugui, A. (2004). Reflections on the Limits of Artificial Intelligence. Ubiquity, ACM, 2004.
Tugui, A.; Gheorghe, A. M. (2017). Review of the Book: The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology, by R. Kurzweil, Transformations in Business & Economics, 16(1), 252-256, 2017.
Ulam, S. (1958). Tribute to John von Neumann, Bulletin of the American mathematical society, 64(2-3), 1-49, 1958. https://doi.org/10.1090/S0002-9904-1958-10189-5
Vallee, R.(2009). An Unfinished Revolution? Heinz von Foerster and the Biological Computer Laboratory/BCL, 1958-1976, Kybernetes, 38 (1-2), 271-272, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1108/03684920910930394
Vijayabanu, C.; Arunkumar, S. (2018). Strengthening the Team Performance through Personality and Emotional Intelligence: Smart PLS Approach. Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, 65(3), 303-316. https://doi.org/10.2478/saeb-2018-0019
Vinge, V. (1993); The coming technological singularity: how to survive in the post-human era, In NASA, Lewis Research Center, Vision 21: Interdisciplinary Scienceand Engineering in the Era of Cyberspace, Chapter 1, 1993.
Von Foerster, H. (1966). The Numbers of Man, Pastand Future. Biological Computer Laboratory Report 13.0, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, 1966.
Watanabe, C.; Naveed, K.; Touc, Y.; Neittaanmäki, P. (2018). Measuring GDP in the digital economy: Increasing dependence on uncaptured GDP, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 137, 226-240, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.07.053
Winston, P. (1984); Artificial Intelligence, Adinson-Wesley Publishers, 1984.
Zait, A. (2016). Conceptualization and Operationalisation of Specific Variables in Exploratory Researches - An Example for Business Negotion. Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, 63(1), 125-131, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1515/saeb-2016-0109
[Online]. Love and Sex with Robot, Robotics. Special Issue LSE 2016. Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/robotics/special_issues/LSR, Accessed on 10 December 2018.
Published
Issue
Section
License
ONLINE OPEN ACCES: Acces to full text of each article and each issue are allowed for free in respect of Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0.
You are free to:
-Share: copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format;
-Adapt: remix, transform, and build upon the material.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
DISCLAIMER: The author(s) of each article appearing in International Journal of Computers Communications & Control is/are solely responsible for the content thereof; the publication of an article shall not constitute or be deemed to constitute any representation by the Editors or Agora University Press that the data presented therein are original, correct or sufficient to support the conclusions reached or that the experiment design or methodology is adequate.
